import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

/** A Frame that you can actually quit. Used as the starting 
 *  point for most Java 1.1 graphical applications.
 *

public class CloseableFrame extends Frame {
  public CloseableFrame(String title) {
    super(title);
    enableEvents(AWTEvent.WINDOW_EVENT_MASK);
  }

  /** Since we are doing something permanent, we need
   *  to call super.processWindowEvent first.
   */
  
  public void processWindowEvent(WindowEvent event) {
    super.processWindowEvent(event); // Handle listeners.
    if (event.getID() == WindowEvent.WINDOW_CLOSING) {
      // If the frame is used in an applet, use dispose().
      System.exit(0);
    }
  }
}

JFrameExample.java Demonstrates creating a simple Swing application using a JFrame. As with a JApplet, components must be added to the content pane, instead of the window directly.import java.awt.*;

import javax.swing.*;

/** Tiny example showing the main difference in using 
 *  JFrame instead of Frame: using the content pane
 *  and getting the Java (Metal) look and feel by default
 *  instead of the native look and feel.
 *
 */

public class JFrameExample {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    WindowUtilities.setNativeLookAndFeel();
    JFrame f = new JFrame("This is a test");
    f.setSize(400, 150);
    Container content = f.getContentPane();
    content.setBackground(Color.white);
    content.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); 
    content.add(new JButton("Button 1"));
    content.add(new JButton("Button 2"));
    content.add(new JButton("Button 3"));
    f.addWindowListener(new ExitListener());
    f.setVisible(true);
  }
}

NullTest.java Explicit placement of five buttons with the layout manager turned off (set to null)
##########################
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;

/** Layout managers are intended to help you, but there
 *  is no law saying you have to use them.
 *  Set the layout to null to turn them off.
 *
*******************
public class NullTest extends Applet {
  public void init() {
    setLayout(null);
    Button b1 = new Button("Button 1");
    Button b2 = new Button("Button 2");
    Button b3 = new Button("Button 3");
    Button b4 = new Button("Button 4");
    Button b5 = new Button("Button 5");
    b1.setBounds(0, 0, 150, 50);
    b2.setBounds(150, 0, 75, 50);
    b3.setBounds(225, 0, 75, 50);
    b4.setBounds(25, 60, 100, 40);
    b5.setBounds(175, 60, 100, 40);
    add(b1);
    add(b2);
    add(b3);
    add(b4);
    add(b5);
  }
}

SimpleTree.java Basic tree built out of DefaultMutableTreeNodes. A DefualtMutableTreeNode is a starting point for a root node, in which children nodes can be added.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.tree.*;

/** Example tree built out of DefaultMutableTreeNodes. 
 *
 */

public class SimpleTree extends JFrame {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new SimpleTree();
  }
 
  public SimpleTree() {
    super("Creating a Simple JTree");
    WindowUtilities.setNativeLookAndFeel();
    addWindowListener(new ExitListener());
    Container content = getContentPane();
    Object[] hierarchy =
      { "javax.swing",
        "javax.swing.border",
        "javax.swing.colorchooser",
        "javax.swing.event",
        "javax.swing.filechooser",
        new Object[] { "javax.swing.plaf",
                       "javax.swing.plaf.basic",
                       "javax.swing.plaf.metal",
                       "javax.swing.plaf.multi" },
        "javax.swing.table",
        new Object[] { "javax.swing.text",
                       new Object[] { "javax.swing.text.html",
                                     "javax.swing.text.html.parser" },
                       "javax.swing.text.rtf" },
        "javax.swing.tree",
        "javax.swing.undo" };
    DefaultMutableTreeNode root = processHierarchy(hierarchy);
    JTree tree = new JTree(root);
    content.add(new JScrollPane(tree), BorderLayout.CENTER);
    setSize(275, 300);
    setVisible(true);
  }

  /** Small routine that will make a node out of the first entry
   *  in the array, then make nodes out of subsequent entries
   *  and make them child nodes of the first one. The process 
   *  is repeated recursively for entries that are arrays.
   */

  private DefaultMutableTreeNode processHierarchy(
                                           Object[] hierarchy) {
    DefaultMutableTreeNode node =
      new DefaultMutableTreeNode(hierarchy[0]);
    DefaultMutableTreeNode child;
    for(int i=1; i 0) {
      try {
        n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
      } catch(NumberFormatException nfe) {
        System.out.println(
          "Can't parse number; using default of " + n);
      }
   }
    new DynamicTree(n);
  }
 
  public DynamicTree(int n) {
    super("Creating a Dynamic JTree");
    WindowUtilities.setNativeLookAndFeel();
    addWindowListener(new ExitListener());
    Container content = getContentPane();
    JTree tree = new JTree(new OutlineNode(1, n));
    content.add(new JScrollPane(tree), BorderLayout.CENTER);
    setSize(300, 475);
    setVisible(true);
  }
}


    * OutlineNode.java A simple tree node that builds its children.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.tree.*;

/** Simple TreeNode that builds children on the fly.
 *  The key idea is that getChildCount is always called before
 *  any actual children are requested. That way, getChildCount 
 *  builds the children if they don't already exist.
 *  


 *  In this case, it just builds an "outline" tree. I.e.,
 *  if the root is current node is "x", the children are
 *  "x.0", "x.1", "x.2", and "x.3".
 * 


 *
 */

public class OutlineNode extends DefaultMutableTreeNode {
  private boolean areChildrenDefined = false;
  private int outlineNum;
  private int numChildren;

  public OutlineNode(int outlineNum, int numChildren) {
    this.outlineNum = outlineNum;
    this.numChildren = numChildren;
  }
  
  public boolean isLeaf() {
    return(false);
  }

  public int getChildCount() {
    if (!areChildrenDefined) {
      defineChildNodes();
    }
    return(super.getChildCount());
  }

  private void defineChildNodes() {
    // You must set the flag before defining children if you
    // use "add" for the new children. Otherwise, you get an 
    // infinite recursive loop since add results in a call 
    // to getChildCount. However, you could use "insert" in such 
    // a case.
    areChildrenDefined = true;
    for(int i=0; i
                                

   *
          o PrintExample.java Demonstrates printing a Graphics2D object.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.print.*;

/** An example of a printable window in Java 1.2. The key point
 *  here is that any component is printable in Java 1.2.
 *  However, you have to be careful to turn off double buffering
 *  globally (not just for the top-level window).
 *  See the PrintUtilities class for the printComponent method
 *  that lets you print an arbitrary component with a single
 *  function call.
 *
 */

public class PrintExample extends JFrame
                           implements ActionListener {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new PrintExample();
  }

  public PrintExample() {
    super("Printing Swing Components in JDK 1.2");
    WindowUtilities.setNativeLookAndFeel();
    addWindowListener(new ExitListener());
    Container content = getContentPane();
    JButton printButton = new JButton("Print");
    printButton.addActionListener(this);
    JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel();
    buttonPanel.setBackground(Color.white);
    buttonPanel.add(printButton);
    content.add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
    DrawingPanel drawingPanel = new DrawingPanel();
    content.add(drawingPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    pack();
    setVisible(true);
  }

  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
    PrintUtilities.printComponent(this);
  }
}

 Uses the following classes:
                + PrintUtilities.java Simple utility class to support printing graphical windows in JDK 1.2.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.print.*;

/** A simple utility class that lets you very simply print
 *  an arbitrary component in JDK 1.2. Just pass the 
 *  component to PrintUtilities.printComponent. The 
 *  component you want to print doesn't need a print method 
 *  and doesn't have to implement any interface or do 
 *  anything special at all.
 *  


 *  If you are going to be printing many times, it is marginally
 *  more efficient to first do the following:
 *  

 *    PrintUtilities printHelper = 
 *      new PrintUtilities(theComponent);
 *  


 *  then later do printHelper.print(). But this is a very tiny
 *  difference, so in most cases just do the simpler
 *  PrintUtilities.printComponent(componentToBePrinted).
 *
 
 */

public class PrintUtilities implements Printable {
  protected Component componentToBePrinted;

  public static void printComponent(Component c) {
    new PrintUtilities(c).print();
  }
  
  public PrintUtilities(Component componentToBePrinted) {
    this.componentToBePrinted = componentToBePrinted;
  }
  
  public void print() {
    PrinterJob printJob = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();
    printJob.setPrintable(this);
    if (printJob.printDialog())
      try {
        printJob.print();
      } catch(PrinterException pe) {
        System.out.println("Error printing: " + pe);
      }
  }

  // General print routine for JDK 1.2. Use PrintUtilities2
  // for printing in JDK 1.3.
  public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pageFormat, 
                   int pageIndex) {
    if (pageIndex > 0) {
      return(NO_SUCH_PAGE);
    } else {
      Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
      g2d.translate(pageFormat.getImageableX(), 
                    pageFormat.getImageableY());
      disableDoubleBuffering(componentToBePrinted);
      componentToBePrinted.paint(g2d);
      enableDoubleBuffering(componentToBePrinted);
      return(PAGE_EXISTS);
    }
  }

  /** The speed and quality of printing suffers dramatically if
   *  any of the containers have double buffering turned on,
   *  so this turns it off globally.  This step is only 
   *  required in JDK 1.2.
   */
   
  public static void disableDoubleBuffering(Component c) {
    RepaintManager currentManager = 
                      RepaintManager.currentManager(c);
    currentManager.setDoubleBufferingEnabled(false);
  }

  /** Reenables double buffering globally. This step is only 
   *  required in JDK 1.2.
   */
  
  public static void enableDoubleBuffering(Component c) {
    RepaintManager currentManager = 
                      RepaintManager.currentManager(c);
    currentManager.setDoubleBufferingEnabled(true);
  }
}
//
                + DrawingPanel.java A basic JPanel containing a Java 2D drawing.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.geom.*;

/** A window with a custom paintComponent method. 
 *  Illustrates that you can make a general-purpose method
 *  that can print any component, regardless of whether
 *  that component performs custom drawing.
 *  See the PrintUtilities class for the printComponent method
 *  that lets you print an arbitrary component with a single
 *  function call.
 *
  */

public class DrawingPanel extends JPanel {
  private int fontSize = 90;
  private String message = "Java 2D";
  private int messageWidth;
  
  public DrawingPanel() {
    setBackground(Color.white);
    Font font = new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, fontSize);
    setFont(font);
    FontMetrics metrics = getFontMetrics(font);
    messageWidth = metrics.stringWidth(message);
    int width = messageWidth*5/3;
    int height = fontSize*3;
    setPreferredSize(new Dimension(width, height));
  }

  /** Draws a black string with a tall angled "shadow"
   *  of the string behind it.
   */

  public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
    super.paintComponent(g);
    Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
    int x = messageWidth/10;
    int y = fontSize*5/2;
    g2d.translate(x, y);
    g2d.setPaint(Color.lightGray);
    AffineTransform origTransform = g2d.getTransform();
    g2d.shear(-0.95, 0);
    g2d.scale(1, 3);
    g2d.drawString(message, 0, 0);
    g2d.setTransform(origTransform);
    g2d.setPaint(Color.black);
    g2d.drawString(message, 0, 0);
  }
}

          o PrintUtilities2.java Simple utility class to support printing graphical windows in JDK 1.3 and later. Inherits from PrintUtilities.java.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.print.*;

/** A simple utility class for printing an arbitrary
 *  component in JDK 1.3. The class relies on the 
 *  fact that in JDK 1.3 the JComponent class overrides
 *  print (in Container) to automatically set a flag
 *  that disables double buffering before the component
 *  is painted. If the printing flag is set, paint calls 
 *  printComponent, printBorder, and printChildren.
 *
 *  To print a component, just pass the component to 
 *  PrintUtilities2.printComponent(componentToBePrinted). 
 *
  */

public class PrintUtilities2 extends PrintUtilities {

  public static void printComponent(Component c) {
    new PrintUtilities2(c).print();
  }
  
  public PrintUtilities2(Component componentToBePrinted) {
    super(componentToBePrinted);
  }
  
  // General print routine for JDK 1.3. Use PrintUtilities1
  // for printing in JDK 1.2.
  public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pageFormat, 
                   int pageIndex) {
    if (pageIndex > 0) {
      return(NO_SUCH_PAGE);
    } else {
      Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
      g2d.translate(pageFormat.getImageableX(), 
                    pageFormat.getImageableY());
      componentToBePrinted.print(g2d);
      return(PAGE_EXISTS);
    }
  }
}

    * FileTransfer.java Demonstrates the proper technique for updating Swing components in a multithreaded program.

/** 

// Final version of FileTransfer. Modification of the 
// label is thread safe.

public class FileTransfer extends Thread {
  private String filename;
  private JLabel label;

  public FileTransfer(String filename, JLabel label) {
    this.filename = filename;
    this.label = label;
  }

  public void run() {
  
    try {
      // Place the runnable object to update the label
      // on the event queue. The invokeAndWait method
      // will block until the label is updated.
      SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(
        new Runnable() {
          public void run() {
            label.setText("Transferring " + filename);
          }
        });
    } catch(InvocationTargetException ite) {
    } catch(InterruptedException ie) { }
       
    // Transfer file to server. Lengthy process.
    doTransfer(...);

    // Perform the final update to the label from
    // within the runnable object. Use invokeLater;
    // blocking is not necessary.
    SwingUtilities.invokeLater(
       new Runnable() {
         public void run() {
           label.setText("Transfer completed");
         }
       });
  }
}
    * WindowUtilities.java Utility class that simplifies creating a window and setting the look and feel.
    * ExitListener.java A WindowListener with support to close the window.

**********************
BetterCircleTest.java
**********************
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.Applet;

/** Position circles down the diagonal so that their borders
 *  just touch. Illustrates that Java 1.1 lightweight 
 *  components can be partially transparent.
 *
  */

public class BetterCircleTest extends Applet {
  public void init() {
    setBackground(Color.lightGray);
    setLayout(null);
    BetterCircle circle;
    int radius = getSize().width/6;
    int deltaX = round(2.0 * (double)radius / Math.sqrt(2.0));
    for (int x=radius; x<6*radius; x=x+deltaX) {
      circle = new BetterCircle(Color.black, radius);
      add(circle);
      circle.setCenter(x, x);
    }
  }

  private int round(double num) {
    return((int)Math.round(num));
  }
}
********************************
BetterCircle.java
********************************
import java.awt.*;

/** An improved variation of the Circle class that uses Java 1.1
 *  lightweight components instead of Canvas.
 *
  */

public class BetterCircle extends Component {
  private Dimension preferredDimension;
  private int width, height;
  
  public BetterCircle(Color foreground, int radius) {
    setForeground(foreground);
    width = 2*radius;
    height = 2*radius;
    preferredDimension = new Dimension(width, height);
    setSize(preferredDimension);
  }

  public void paint(Graphics g) {
    g.setColor(getForeground());
    g.fillOval(0, 0, width, height);
  }

  public void setCenter(int x, int y) {
    setLocation(x - width/2, y - height/2);
  }

  /** Report the original size as the preferred size.
   *  That way, the BetterCircle doesn't get
   *  shrunk by layout managers.
   */
  
  public Dimension getPreferredSize() {
    return(preferredDimension);
  }

  /** Report same thing for minimum size as
   *  preferred size.
   */
  
  public Dimension getMinimumSize() {
    return(preferredDimension);
  }
}
*******************************

A JPanel that displays six radio buttons with labels.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

/** A JPanel that displays six JRadioButtons. 
 *
 *.
 */

public class SixChoicePanel extends JPanel {
  public SixChoicePanel(String title, String[] buttonLabels) {
    super(new GridLayout(3, 2));
    setBackground(Color.lightGray);
    setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder(title));
    ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();
    JRadioButton option;
    int halfLength = buttonLabels.length/2;  // Assumes even length
    for(int i=0; i