Deep Learning – 001: Introduction to Deep Learning.

Deep Learning (DL): can you answer these introductory questions on DL? Target: Starters in DL

Can you define AI, ML, DL?
Can you draw a diagram to show the relations of AI, ML, DL?

What is Symbolic AI?

Is Symbolic AI good for Image Classification, Speech recognition, and Language Translation? and Why?

How are AI, ML, DL for Image Classification, Speech recognition, and Language Translation? and Why? Can you compare these among them?

What is the motivation behind inventing Machine Learning?

How does programming differ for ML than classical programming?

Which one uses data intensively? Classical Programming or ML?

Which one uses Rules intensively? Classical Programming or ML? and why?

When was ML invented i.e. the idea? When it flourished? and why?

Why did not ML flourish earlier?

How recent is Deep Learning (DL)? When did it start to flourish?

How prominent is DL in Kaggle contests?

What is more extensively use in DL? Math or Engineering? and why? Is it for good or for bad? Can you think of any limitations?

Among ML, and DL where math is more extensively used? and why? where in AI, ML< DL such Math focused study might not be the greatest option? and why?

How ML differ from Math and Statistics esp. Statistics and why?

Can you name some Prediction approaches in ML?

How are data represented in ML and DL?

What is important in ML? Deep understanding or Representation of the layers of the process and data?

What is important in Dl? Deep understanding or Representation of the layers of the process and data?

What is the link among Brain, DL, and NN (Neural Network?)

What are other possible names of Deep Learning?

Does deep learning identify digits (picture recognition, image classification) in one step or multiple steps?

What is Deep NN?

What are some parameters for NN and DL? or just name what you use when writing (representing) a DL solution.

What are Weights, Input, Layers, Predictions, loss function, objective function in DL?

Can you define/explain (not memorized) and give examples of Weights, Input, Layers, Predictions, loss function, objective function in DL?

What is the optimizer in DL?

What is a Back-propagation Algorithm in DL? Explain, Example, Draw, write code and show

What applications have used DL successfully?

Will you apply DL for all Learning, classification, prediction problems? Why or why not? When DL can do the best?

What are other alternate approaches than DL?

Why did not DL florished/used much in the past?

Is handwritten digit classification be an application where DL can be used? What companies might get benefit with such applications?

–
Misc.

What are Kernel methods? Give examples. How are they related to DL?

Is SVM a kernel method? What does SVM stand for?

How does SVM work?

Is SVM great for image classification?

What is Gini Index? What does it mean?

What is Information gain in decision trees? what is the name?

What is random forest?

What is Gradient Boosting?
–
What DL approach worked best for image classification?

What is CNN? What is RNN? What is RNN-LSTM? What is LSTM? What is gated RNN?

How does CNN work? Can CNN be used for Image Classification? What level of accuracy you can achieve with CNN? If used, how will CNN work to classify images?

Do you know what Gradient Boosting is?

What are XGBoost Library?

What is Keras library?

What are the libraries available for DL implementation? What are the languages that are best for DL? and why?

CNN got invented on 1989; LSTM on 1997. Why they got popularity or in use today? Any similarities why DL flourished now?

what kind of CPU is geared towards DL?

What is CUDA?

What are the contributions of NVIDIA for DL?

What is common in NN, and DL? Addition, multiplication, matrix, matrix-multiplication?

What are the potential future applications of DL?

What are the potential improvements potential or important for DL?

Can you do DL in Python Library, Theano, TensorFlow, Keras?

What is the most used for DL? Python Library, Theano, TensorFlow, Keras

What is Deep Mind? What does the project do?

What is RMSProp?

What is Adam?

What are some optimization approaches in DL?

What is the role of Weight in DL? and in DL code?

What is TPU? Who invented it?

Give examples of some Loss functions used in DL
–
Some Answers

What is Symbolic AI?

"Symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level "symbolic" (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search. Symbolic AI was the dominant paradigm of AI research from the mid-1950s until the late 1980s."
From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence

Example: Prolog
I did teach a very introductory practical course on Prolog on around 2002 – 2003. For sure, I do not remember the content that I taught.

"Symbolic Reasoning. A reasoning is an operation of cognition that allows – following implicit links (rules, definitions, axioms, etc.) – to produce new knowledge from already existing knowledge. The reasoning is said to be automated when done by an algorithm.
Symbolic Reasoning – Sem Spirit"

From: www.semspirit.com › artificial-intelligence › symbolic-reasoning

What are other possible names of Deep Learning?
Ans: Layered representations learning?
Hierarchical representations learning?

What are some parameters for NN and DL?
Ans: Weights, Input, Layer, Predictions, loss function, objective function

What applications have used DL successfully?
Ans: Human level image classification, Speech recognition, Hand-writing, machine translation, text to speech, Digital Assistant Google Now, Amazon Alexa, Autonomous Cars, Ads Targeting, Natural Language Questions, superhuman go Playing

What are other alternate approaches than DL?
Ans: Statistics for data analysis, Naive Bayes Algorithm, logistic Regression, hello world algorithm.

Why did not DL flourished/used much in the past?
Ans: Missing efficient way of training large neural networks

What is XGBoost?
"XGBoost is an implementation of gradient boosted decision trees designed for speed and performance."
https://machinelearningmastery.com/gentle-introduction-xgboost-applied-machine-learning/

Give examples of some Loss functions used in DL
"This tutorial is divided into three parts; they are:
Regression Loss Functions. Mean Squared Error Loss. Mean Squared Logarithmic Error Loss. …
Binary Classification Loss Functions. Binary Cross-Entropy. Hinge Loss. …
Multi-Class Classification Loss Functions. Multi-Class Cross-Entropy Loss. Sparse Multiclass Cross-Entropy Loss."
https://machinelearningmastery.com/how-to-choose-loss-functions-when-training-deep-learning-neural-networks/

Sayed Ahmed

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Answer the questions by reading the notes after the questions (i.e. by reading the paper if available online):

Can you use RNN-LSTM for Text Classification?
Can you use RNN-LSTM for Text Summarization?
Can you use CNN for Text Classification?
Can you use CNN for Text Classification?
What does CNN stand for?
What does RNN stand for?
What does CNN-LSTM stand for?
What is more used in NLP tasks: CNN or RNN-LSTM?
What are the types of CNN?
What is CNN-Static?
What is CNN-Multichannel?
What is Glove?
What is Word2Vec?
How does text-summarization by RNN-LSTM compare with human made summaries?
How can you compare the quality of summarization between summary created by RNN-LSTM and human made summaries?
Which method provided better result for text classification (CNN or RNN-LSTM) according to this paper?
What is text encoding?
Can you encode text with your own method?
What will you prefer between Glove and Word2Vec? Why and When?
What are the different types of text encoders available?
What is special about RNN than simple NN?
What is Gated RNN?
How does Gated RNN compare with Simple RNN for text classification?

Data sheets

• Cisco Security certifications overview (PDF – 957 KB)
• Security certification comparison chart (PDF – 57 KB)

—

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Resources including Research papers for Dietary pattern and Kidney Diseases

Also, includes topics related to data analysis

[1] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. What Is Chronic Kidney Disease? https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/what-is-chronic-kidney-disease

[2] Jaimon T. K., Suetonia C. P., Shu N. W., Marinella R., Juan-Jesus C., Katrina L. C., and Giovanni F. M. S. Healthy Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality and ESRD in CKD: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

[3] Chen X, Wei G, Jalili T, Metos J, Giri A, Cho ME, Boucher R, Greene T, Beddhu S: The associations of plant protein intake with all-cause mortality in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 67: 423–430, 2016 (26)

[4] Gutierrez O.M., Muntner P, Rizk D.V., McClellan W.M., Warnock D.G., Newby P.K., Judd S.E.: Dietary patterns and risk of death and progression to ESRD in individuals with CKD: A cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 64: 204–213, 2014 (27)

[5] Huang X., Jime nez-Moleo J. J., Lindholm B., Cederholm T., Arnoldv J., Rise rus U., Sjogren P., Carrero J. J.: Mediterranean diet, kidney function, and mortality in men with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 1548–1555, 2013 (28)

[6] Muntner P, Judd S.E., Gao L, Gutierrez O.M., Rizk D.V., McClellanW., Cushman M., Warnock D.G.: Cardiovascular risk factors in CKD associated with both ESRD and mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 1159–1165, 2013 (29)

[7] Ricardo A.C., Madero M., Yang W., Anderson C., Menezes M., Fischer M.J., Turyk M., Daviglus M.L., Lash J.P.: Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and all-cause mortality in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 602–609, 2013 (30)

[8] Tsuruya K., Fukuma S., Wakita T., Ninomiya T., Nagata M., Yoshida H., Fujimi S., Kiyohara Y., Kitazono T., Uchida K., Shirota T., Akizawa T., Akiba T., Saito A., Fukuhara S.: Dietary patterns and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients in Japan: A cohort study. PLoS One 10: e0116677, 2015 (31)

[9] Ricardo A.C., Anderson C.A., Yang W., Zhang X., Fischer M. J., Dember L. M., Fink J. C., Frydrych A., Jensvold N. G., Lustigova E., Nessel L. C., Porter A. C., Rahman M., Wright Nunes J. A., Daviglus M. L., Lash J. P.; CRIC Study Investigators: Healthy lifestyle and risk of kidney disease progression, atherosclerotic events, and death in CKD: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 65: 412–424, 2015 (17)

[10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/datapage.aspx?Component=Dietary.

[11] Health.gov. Shifts Needed to Align With Healthy Eating Patterns. https://health.gov/

dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/chapter-2/a-closer-look-at-current-intakes-and-recommended-shifts/

[12] Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA. Food Code Numbers and the Food Coding Scheme.

https://reedir.arsnet.usda.gov/codesearchwebapp/(gcp3kq55ssdyc445ry2k2rus\)/coding\_scheme.pdf

[13] The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA). Vegetable Subgroups. http://www.cn.nysed.gov/common/cn/files/Vegetable\%20Subgroups.pdf

[14] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Key Concepts About the USDA Food Coding Scheme. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/tutorials/Dietary/SurveyOrientation/ResourceDietaryAnalysis/Info2.htm

[15] Health.gov. Appendix 3. USDA Food Patterns: Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-3/

[16] United states Renal Data System (USRDS). The 2018 USRDS Annual Data Report Reference Tables: https://www.usrds.org/reference.aspx

[17] United states Renal Data System (USRDS). 2018 ADR Chapters. https://www.usrds.org/2018/view/Default.aspx

[18] ARS, USDA. Food Surveys Research Group: Beltsville, MD . Documentation and Dataset: https:

//www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/food-surveys-research-group/docs/wweia-documentation-and-data-setsY

[19] United states Renal Data System (USRDS). 2018 USRDS Annual Data Report: Executive Summary. https://www.usrds.org/2018/download/v1\_00\_ExecSummary\_18.pdf

[20] Health.gov, CDC. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020\_dietary\_guidelines.pdf

[21] Health.gov, CDC. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga95/9DIETGUI.HTM

[22] Mortality and Causes of Death. https://www.usrds.org/2018/ref/ESRD\_Ref\_H\_Mortality\_2018.xlsx

[23] Tong A, Chando S, Crowe S, Manns B, Winkelmayer WC, Hemmelgarn B, Craig JC: Research priority setting in kidney disease: A systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 65: 674–683, 2015

[24] Lin J, Fung TT, Hu FB, Curhan GC: Association of dietary patterns with albuminuria and kidney function decline in older white women: A subgroup analysis from the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Kidney Dis 57: 245–254, 2011

[25] Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC: DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones.J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 2253–2259, 2009

[26] Liu, Hao-Wen; Tsai, Wen-Hsin; Liu, Jia-Sin; Kuo, Ko-Lin. 2019. "Association of Vegetarian Diet with Chronic Kidney Disease." Nutrients 11, no. 2: 279.

[27] Golaleh Asghari, Mehrnaz Momenan, Emad Yuzbashian, Parvin MirmiranEmail author and Fereidoun Azizi. Dietary pattern and incidence of chronic kidney disease among adults: a population-based study

[28] Tanushree Banerjee1 , Deidra C. Crews2 , Delphine S. Tuot3 , Meda E. Pavkov4 , Nilka Rios Burrows4 , Austin G. Stack5 , Rajiv Saran6,7 , Jennifer Bragg-Gresham6 and Neil R. Powe1,8 ; for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chronic Kidney Disease Surveillance Team9 Poor accordance to a DASH dietary pattern is associated with higher risk of ESRD among adults with moderate chronic kidney disease and hypertension

[29] Jacek R., Beata F., Aleksandra C., Anna G.The Effect of Diet on the Survival of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2017, 9(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050495

[30] National Kidney Foundation. One in Seven American Adults Estimated to Have Chronic Kidney

Disease. https://www.kidney.org/news/one-seven-american-adults-estimated-to-have-chronic-kidney-disease

[31] Hannah N. What are the leading causes of death in the US?. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282929.php

[32] Davita. Five Stages of CKD. https://www.davita.com/education/kidney-disease/stages

[33] Goal: How to Identify the Most Important Predictor Variables in Regression Models https ://blog. minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/how-to-identify-the-most-important-predictor-variables-in-regression-models

[34] How to Interpret Regression Analysis Results: P-values and Coefficients https://blog.minitab.

com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/how-to-interpret-regression-analysis-results-p-values-and-coefficients

[35] Regression Analysis: How to Interpret the Constant (Y Intercept) https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/regression-analysis-how-to-interpret-the-constant-y-intercept

[36] How to Compare Regression Slopes: How to statistically test the difference between regression slopes and constants https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/how-to-compare-regression-lines-between-different-models

[37] How Do I Interpret R-squared and Assess the Goodness-of-Fit? https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/regression-analysis-how-do-i-interpret-r-squared-and-assess-the-goodness-of-fit

[38] How High Should R-squared Be in Regression Analysis? https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/how-high-should-r-squared-be-in-regression-analysis

[39] How to Interpret a Regression Model with Low R-squared and Low P values https://blog.minitab

.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/how-to-interpret-a-regression-model-with-low-r-squared-and-low-p-values

[40] Use Adjusted R-Squared and Predicted R-Squared to Include the Correct Number of Variables https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/multiple-regession-analysis-use-adjusted-r-squared-and-predicted-r-squared-to-include-the-correct-number-of-variables

[41] How to Interpret S, the Standard Error of the Regression https://blog.minitab.com/blog/

adventures-in-statistics-2/regression-analysis-how-to-interpret-s-the-standard-error-of-the-regression

[42] What Is the F-test of Overall Significance in Regression Analysis?. https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/what-is-the-f-test-of-overall-significance-in-regression-analysis

[43] Understanding Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-test. https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-analysis-of-variance-anova-and-the-f-test

[44] How to Compare Regression Slopes. https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-

statistics-2/how-to-compare-regression-lines-between-different-models

[45] How to Present and Use the Results to Avoid Costly Mistakes, part 1. https://blog.

minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/applied-regression-analysis-how-to-present-and-use- the-results-to-avoid-costly-mistakes-part-1

[46] How to Identify the Most Important Predictor Variables in Regression Models. https://blog.

minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/how-to-identify-the-most-important-predictor- variables-in-regression-models

[47] How to Interpret your Regression Results http://sitestree.com/how-to-interpret-your-regression-results

[48] Fernandez-Prado R., Esteras R., Perez-Gomez M.V, Gracia-Iguacel C., Gonzalez-Parra E., Sanz A.B., Ortiz A., Sanchez-Nino M.D. Nutrients Turned into Toxins: Microbiota Modulation of Nutrient Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients. 2017 May; 9(5): 489. Published online 2017 May 12. doi: 10.3390/nu9050489 PMCID: PMC5452219 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452219/

[49] Hsu, Y. H., Pai, H. C., Chang, Y. M., Liu, W. H., Hsu, C. C. (2013). Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with stage 3 chronic kidney disease in middle-aged Taiwanese men. BMC nephrology, 14, 254. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-254

[50] Rippe, J. M., Angelopoulos, T. J. (2016). Relationship between Added Sugars Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk Factors: Current Understanding. Nutrients, 8(11), 697. doi:10.3390/nu8110697

[51] Karalius V.P., Shoham D.A. Dietary sugar and artificial sweetener intake and chronic kidney disease: a review. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013; 20:157–164. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.12.005

[52] Jaimon T. Kelly, Suetonia C. Palmer, Shu Ning Wai, Marinella Ruospo, Juan-Jesus Carrero, Katrina L. Campbell and Giovanni F. M. Strippoli Healthy Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality and ESRD in CKD: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. CJASN February 2017, 12 (2) 272-279; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06190616

[53] Jilian k. The 20 Best Foods for People With Kidney Problems. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-foods-for-kidneys

[54] National Kidney Foundation (NKF), USA. Drinking Alcohol Affects Your Kidneys https://www.kidney.org/news/kidneyCare/winter10/AlcoholAffects

[55] Uehara, S., Hayashi, T., Kogawa Sato, K., Kinuhata, S., Shibata, M., Oue, K., Hashimoto, K. (2016). Relationship Between Alcohol Drinking Pattern and Risk of Proteinuria: The Kansai Healthcare Study. Journal of epidemiology, 26(9), 464–470. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20150158

[56] Nettleton, J. A., Steffen, L. M., Palmas, W., Burke, G. L., \& Jacobs, D. R., Jr (2008). Associations between micro albuminuria and animal foods, plant foods, and dietary patterns in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(6), 1825–1836. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1825

[57] Jacobs, D. R., Jr, Gross, M. D., Steffen, L., Steffes, M. W., Yu, X., Svetkey, L. P., Sacks, F. (2009). The effects of dietary patterns on urinary albumin excretion: results of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 53(4), 638–646. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.10. 048. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676223/

[58] National Kidney Foundation. 37 Million American Adults Now Estimated to Have Chronic Kidney Disease. https://www.kidney.org/news/37-million-american-adults-now-estimated-to-have-chronic-kidney-disease

Sayed Ahmed

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Some Research on CKD Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease. Just to keep track

These are research i.e. studies. These are not to be interpreted by everyone; however, only for the people who have the background to interpret. There should be 1000s of studies or 100’s of 1000s studies on this and related topic. Hence, do not study these and apply to yourselves.

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262740
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19146934
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9255718
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619305
5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19545680
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2045012
7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951192
8. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZGTL200002007.htm
9. http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/goldenrod
10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736774/
11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Couch+grass+kidney
12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=goldenrod+kidney
13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339033
14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21190603
15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062120/
16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21505983
17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142357
18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434410
19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861712007357
20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22455126
21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22760215
22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944441
23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2335959
24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26237835
25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503560
26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712211
27. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874113008222
28. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/horsetail-000257.htm
29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695282/
30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4177777/
31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11887407
32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15638071
33. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2335959
34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353832
35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172798
36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25674203
37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26612737

Sayed Ahmed

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Instructions for Completing Internal Revenue Service Tax Forms for Royalty Payments

https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/about/taxforms.html

Instructions for Completing Internal Revenue Service Tax Forms for Royalty Payments

https://www.millerthomson.com/en/publications/communiques-and-updates/tax-notes/april-2013/overview-of-limitation-on-benefits-article-in/

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OOP concepts in PHP 5 in brief

OOP concepts in PHP 5 in brief

OOP concepts in PHP 5 in short

Why this short — note? if you are familiar with OOD and any OOP language such as Java/C++, this short note will give you enough information to start with PHP 5 OOP Class

• Class definition starts with the keyword class, followed by a class name (non reserved word), followed by a pair of curly braces. The curly braces contain the definition of the classes members and methods
• You can create objects based on the classes. $obj = new className()
• You use $obj->methodName() to access a class method (public). You can use className::classMember to access class members (static): to use :: operator the method does not need to be declared static
• Inside a class all class methods have access to $this variable to refer to the calling object (if called from/using an object)
• member declaration: public $var = ‘a default value
• Default value always is: constant expression
• Class/Object Functions
• A class can use extends keyword to inherit methods and members of another class
• Multiple inheritance is not allowed
• To avoid using a long list of includes in the beginning of php files, you can use __autoload() function to do the job for you
• When you try to use an undefined class/interface an __autoload function is automatically called
• function __autoload($class_name) {
  require_once $class_name . ‘.php’;
  }
• Constructor syntax: void __construct ([ mixed $args [, $… ]] )
• Parents’ constructors are not automatically called from children’s constructor. use explicit parent::__construct() instead
• Destructor syntax: void __destruct ( void )
• Destructor is called: 1. all references to the object are removed 2. the object is explicitly destroyed 3. in shutdown sequence
• Parents’ destructors are not automatically called from children’s destructors. use explicit parent::__destruct() instead
• Access modifiers for class members: public, protected or private: Public — accessible from anywhere. Protected — accessible from inherited and parent classes, within the class. Private — accessible within the class
• No access modifier = public
• :: — scope resolution operator — allows access to static, constant, and overridden members or methods of a class
• Abstract classes: Introduced in PHP 5. You are not allowed to reate an instance of an abstract class.
• Even if a class contains one abstract method, the class must bedeclared abstract
• Abstract classes are just about signatures, they cannot define the implementation
• A class inheriting from an abstract class, must have to implement all abstract methods. The abstract methods must be defined with the same/(less restricted) visibility
• Interface: Just the method signatures. No method implementation inside interfaces
• All interface methods must be public
• Classes implementing interfaces must implement all methods. Classes use implements keyword to implement an interface
• A class can not implement two interfaces having same class names
• Interfaces can be extended using extends keyword
• Interfaces can also have constants
• Overloading: Overloading in PHP = dynamically “create” members and methods
• overloading methods: invoked when interacting with non-declared/invisible members or methods
• All overloading methods must be defined as public
• In PHP, overloading is done through magic methods
• The arguments of the magic methods can not be ‘passed by reference’
• Member overloading methods: void __set ( string $name , mixed $value ), mixed __get ( string $name ), bool __isset ( string $name ), void __unset ( string $name )
• Method overloading: mixed __call ( string $name , array $arguments ), mixed __callStatic ( string $name , array $arguments )
• Object Iteration: Inside the class
• foreach($this as $key => $value) {
  print “$key => $valuen”;
  }

• Object Iteration: Outside class:
• $class = new MyClass();
  foreach ($class as $key => $value) {
  print “$key => $valuen”;
  }
• Patterns: Factory Pattern: allows the instantiation of objects at runtime
• Patterns: Singleton: Helps in situations where only a single instance of a class is required that will be used by many other objects
• Magic methods: have special meaning. __construct, __destruct (see Constructors and Destructors), __call, __callStatic, __get, __set, __isset, __unset, __sleep, __wakeup, __toString, __set_state and __clone
• serialize() — applies to __sleep(). unserialize() applies to __wakeup()
• final keyword: final members can not be overriden, final classes can not be extended
• $copy_of_object = clone $object; : will create a clone of $object. Unless a __clone method defined, a shadow is created. __clone() method can define how the cloning will be done
• Objects Comparison: == : two object instances are equal if they have the same attributes and values, and are instances of the same class.
• Objects Comparison: === : Object variables are identical if and only if they refer to the same instance of the same class
• Reflection APIs: to reverse-engineer classes, interfaces, functions and methods, extensions
• Reflection APIs: Offer ways to retrieve doc comments for functions, classes and methods
• Type Hinting: Functions can enforce parameters to be objects:
• Late Static Bindings: to refer the called class in a context of static inheritance.

Sayed Ahmed

Linkedin: https://ca.linkedin.com/in/sayedjustetc

Blog: http://bangla.saLearningSchool.com http://SitesTree.com,
Online and Offline Training: http://training.SitesTree.com

/* prepare the statement resource */
$stmt=mssql_init("your_stored_procedure", $conn);

/* now bind the parameters to it */
mssql_bind($stmt, "@id", $id, SQLINT4, FALSE);
mssql_bind($stmt, "@name", $name, SQLVARCHAR, FALSE);
mssql_bind($stmt, "@email", $email, SQLVARCHAR, FALSE);

/* now execute the procedure */
$result = mssql_execute($stmt);

Another Example

$conn = mssql_connect($db_host,$db_user,$db_password);if ($conn===false){
echo 'Cannot connect.';
exit;
}

if (mssql_select_db("YourDatabase",$conn) === false) {
echo 'no database';
exit;
}

$proc = mssql_init('YourStoredProcedure',$conn);
mssql_bind($proc,'@ParameterOne',$ParameterOne,SQLVARCHAR);
mssql_bind($proc,'@ParameterTwo',$ParameterTwo,SQLVARCHAR);
mssql_bind($proc,'@ParameterThree',$ParameterThree,SQLVARCHAR);
if ($result = mssql_execute($proc)) {
if ($row = mssql_fetch_row($result)){
// process results
}
}

Sayed Ahmed

Linkedin: https://ca.linkedin.com/in/sayedjustetc

Blog: http://bangla.saLearningSchool.com http://SitesTree.com,
Online and Offline Training: http://training.SitesTree.com