• “Pareto s 80/20 rule, as applied to the SDLC, is in the process of being drastically altered. In the past, approximately 20% of the SDLC was spent on analysis and design activities with the remaining 80% spent on systems development and implementation”
• “In this new paradigm, approximately 80% of the SDLC is spent on analysis and design activities with the remaining 20% spent on systems development and implementation”
• “We want to develop software by integration rather than code writing. The software market is rapidly moving in this direction; component-ware and related methodologies are maturing day by day.”
• “More recently, enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions, such as SAP and Peoplesoft, which involve replacing existing systems with a suite of interconnected modular systems from a single vendor, were seen as the answer to systems integration (Davenport, 1998). However, organizations soon realized that no single ERP system could address all the requirements of an organization (Hong & Kim, 2002).”
• “With SOA, the issue of integration is no longer problematic so long as every system conforms to the SOA model and is able to offer its functionality through a set of defined services. That, unfortunately, is the point where SOA suffers the same adoption problems as Web services” [as industries have invested much on legacy systems and have to live with them]

Reference: Enterprise Architecture and Integration: Methods, Implementation and Technologies, by Wing Lam and Venky Shankararaman (eds)

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Evolution of Software Architecture

• In the earliest days, physical motion and electrical signals were the forms of programming
• Later programming was done in punch cards
• Then assembly languages came into existence to provide an elementary form of abstraction
• Even in the early forms of programming, architectures were existent. Different blocks of code were connected by physical proximity to one another. The blocks were knitted together by branching statements.
• 1960 was the decade of the subroutine
• 1970 was the module decade. Quality became a major concern in addition to correct functioning
• In 1970s, concepts like data-flow analysis, entity-relation diagrams, information hiding, and other principles or techniques formed the bases of design methodologies. These design concepts led to the concept of modules. Later the concept of packaging modules and re-usable modules came into existence that facilitated the programming style where you can almost ignore the inner workings of the modules.
• In 1980s, module based concepts such as information hiding and associated methodologies led to the concept of Objects. The concept of inheritence formed during this period
• In 1990s, Object Based Architectures started appearing as frameworks. Along the way, abstractions has become more powerful. Architecture focused more on the placement of elements and their interactions than individual elements
• In current decade, Middleware and IT architecture are the standards. The commercial solutions have built-in security, reliability, performance support. Programmers no longer need to add/write these components individually. Rather can focus on the features of the platform and make the best use of them.
• The flow: Subroutines -> Modules -> Objects -> Frameworks -> Middleware and Architecture
• Architecture Business Cycle
  • Level – 1: An organization creates an architecture for a single system
  • Level – 2: From the same architecture, the organization makes a series of products
  • Level – 3: From a proposed architecture through community wide interaction, a standard architecture is created
  • Level – 4: The architecture sometimes become super pervasive, and create a world-wide architecture such as the Internet
• How to create a new architecture: The following processes may help –
  • Think – are the quality attributes and quality requirements complete?
  • Think – are the tactics/strategies used sufficient?
  • Think – how can the scenarios be coupled for better results/qualities?
  • Think – how can the tactics/strategies be coupled for better results/qualities?
  • Think – how can you predict the results of applying a tactic, [or the effect of coupling]?
  • See can you find a pattern on how to use the strategies for better results?
  • Think – can any tool facilitate the process?
• Commercial Components
  • Industries are creating many commercial architectural products; the products can be generic or domain specific. For example, J2EE for Information Technology domain

Reference: Software Architecture in Practice, Second Editionby Len Bass; Paul Clements; Rick Kazman

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Software Architecture is a growing but still young discipline.

• Some common definitions of Software Architecture [Ref: Software Architecture in Practice, Second Edition by Len Bass; Paul Clements; Rick Kazman]:
  • Architecture is high-level design
  • Architecture is the overall structure of the system
  • Architecture is the structure of the components of a program or system, their interrelationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time
  • Architecture is components and connectors
• Why is Software Architecture important?
  • As Software Architecture provides a high level abstraction/view of the system/software, it helps the stakeholders in mutual understanding, negotiation, consensus, and communication of the system/software
  • Software Architecture helps to play with the early design decisions and adjust before it’s too late to modify/change the design decisions. Early design decisions influence the total SDLC and are the most difficult to get correct. Mistakes in the early design decisions are hard to be recovered later.
  • Once a successful software architecture is developed, the architecture can be re-used for other systems (similar).
• How software architecture and early design decisions affect the total SDLC?
  • Using Software Architecture, you can define the constraints on software implementation
  • Software Architecture can also determine the structure of the development and management groups
  • Software architecture can enable/disable the quality requirements of the system/software. If you need a scalable system, your architecture should address/reflect this, and show/define how to achieve this, otherwise your system may end up being not scalable
  • System qualities can be determined by studying the software architecture
  • Software Architecture will help you to analyze the system and change, the change management becomes easy
  • Software Architecture helps in more accurate cost and schedule estimates
• Architectural Structures and Views
  • Module structures: Here the architecture is represented as modules. The modules are the implementation units
  • Component-and-connector structures: Here the elements are the runtime components. Connector represents the interaction among the components.
  • Allocation structures: Shows the relationship between the software elements and the elements in one or more external creation/execution environments.
• A Module based structure includes: Decomposition, Uses, Layered, Class, or generalization
• A Component-and-Connector structure includes: Process, or communicating processes, Concurrency, Shared data, or repository, Client-server
• An Allocation structure includes: Deployment, Implementation, and Work assignment

[Ref: Software Architecture in Practice, Second Edition by Len Bass; Paul Clements; Rick Kazman]:

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Post Data:2011-02-15 04:38:23

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• A collection of resources that software architects must read. To become a successful architect, you must go through these resources

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Post Data:2011-08-12 08:06:13

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The Bredemeyer Architect Competency Framework (http://www.bredemeyer.com/pdf_files/ArchitectCompetencyFramework.PDF) covers the following domains of comeptency:

– Technology
– Business strategy
– Organizational Politics
– Consulting
– Leadership

Each area of the Bredemeyer Architect Competency Framework summarizes the architects knowledge (what you know), activities (what you do) and characterisitics (what you are) of the software architect. For illustration, here is an example competency area from the Bredemeyer Framework:

Area: Technology
What You Know?
* Domain and pertinent technologies
* Key technical issues
* Development methods and modeling techniques

What you do?

* Modeling
* Tradeoff analysis
* Prototype/experiment/simulate
* Prepare architectural documents and presentations
* Technology trend analysis/roadmaps
* Take a system viewpoint

What you are?

* Creative
* Investigative
* Practical/pragmatic
* Insightful
* Tolerant of ambiguity,
* Willing to backtrack, seek multiple solutions
* Good at working at an abstract level

Each area of the framework is further elborated, and for more information on the Bredemeyer Architect Competency Framework please see: http://www.bredemeyer.com/Architect/ArchitectSkillsLinks.htm

More information on the Role of the Architect is available at:http://www.bredemeyer.com/who.htm

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Software architecture is about translating business strategies into technical strategies [HP Openview].

The TEC in Architect indicates that software architecture is rooted in technical details. A software architect must be expert in the related technologies like the software design technologies, software development technologies, testing and deployment technologies. Even the software architect may be directly involved in coding. As he/she has to take technical decisions on software development, he needs to know development well. He should be able to solve technical development problems, provide implementation strategies, and high level algorithms to solve problems.

The ARCHI in the Architect indicates he should be able to design/understand/analyze the big picture of the total system. He/she needs to understand the interactions among different system components and what are the must required components and why?. Identify the most important components and how to design/develop what.

Remember, design is also architecture, when you use UML/Visio to create component diagram, class diagram, to show what components/classes the software should implement, and to show interations among components and classes these are also architecture but one step lower. All architecture is design but not all design is architecture.

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• Most BI projects usually fail. It is not due to the errors in construction steps but due to the inappropriate design steps and methodologies.
• Waterfall method is not appropriate for BI. A method like developmental spiral may be more appropriate. Ref: [W. A. Giovinazzo ]
• Steps in developmental spiral: Definition, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation/Deployment, Maintenance, Evaluation
• Developmental spiral method is effective for BI only when object oriented approach is taken
• In developmental spiral, object modeling is used to represent objects in the related business areas. In object modeling, objects are represented as rectangles, the rectangles can be treated as classes. Classes/objects can have sub-classes/sub-objects. Objects have attributes. Objects also have some special properties like: accelerators, stops.
• Definition – first step of developmental spiral: Define a short description what you want to build – like the problem statement in a research proposal. Example:I want to build a data mart that will provide data to support the analysis of customer demographics such as age, gender, and income for all product lines
• Analysis Phase: In this step, analyze the requirements of the BI system, the nature of the BI system, the expectations from the BI system. Interviewing different parties will help a lot:
• Interview the sponsor to get a detail understanding of the mission. The questions will include: Data-related(which objects are related to the business needs?), user-related: who are the users, system evaluation: what parameters will make the project a success?
• Interviewing management: To understand management’s expectation of the data warehouse. Questions may include: User profile related (what types of systems you use/will use to access BI?), System vision: what do you see as the objective of the data ware house, System Evaluation: what parameters will make the project a success?
• Interviewing Users : Interviewing users who will use the system
• Interviewing information technology staffs: To know the current state of the organization’s information systems
• Design phase: output – object model, implementation model
• Start with the analysis phase information. The design phase is complete when all the objects related to the mission are well defined. An object diagram needs to be drawn showing all objects, relationships, attributes.
• Another chart listing all the attributes and their data types will be useful. Objects will have relations like super classes or sub-classes.
• Cardinality relationships: exactly one, one to many, zero or one, zero to many
• aggregation may be required in some cases. Aggregation: an object is composed of other objects.
• Implementation Model: Data warehouse databases are multi dimensional databases. Objects are represented in more than two dimensions. Common practice is: three dimensional databases. Such as an object/table represented with three dimensions (called cube) like: product, dealer, and time. RDBMS’s are two dimensional.
• Data cubes: have six possible different views [permutation of three dimensions].
• Why not always multidimensional databases: because of space requirements.
• Star schema: Provides a multidimensional flavor in two dimensional relational databases.
• Star schema uses a concept called fact tables to bind dimensions to create a multidimensional space.
• Denormalization of the tables are utilized in star schema to create multi dimension.
• Dimension table: Think about a three dimensional cube. Each wall represents a dimension table. Or think it as a mathematical combination of the dimensions.
• All objects represented in the dimensions can slowly change over time – slowly changing dimensions. There are many approaches to address this issue.
• Snowflakes: normalizing dimensions – not always a great thing
• Implementation considerations: Parallel processing, Bitmapped Indexing, Star Query Optimization, Summation Tables

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• Crime Detection using BI
• Credit Card fraud detection using BI
• A presentation on Oracle Data Mining
• Oracle by Example – Business Intelligence
• Oracle Data Mining Components
• Business Intelligence with Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services – Part 1
• SQL Server 2005 Analysis Services Tutorial
• SQL Server 2005 Data Mining
• BI for MySQL
• MySQL in Data Warehousing & Business Intelligence
• Business Intelligence in Mysql

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• Real internet money/business lies in B2B not in B2C.
• Decision Support System (DSS): Full spectrum of systems that allow/help management to take decisions, such as, reporting, OLAP, data mining.
• Java provides support for web enabled DSS
• JDM is Java’s Data mining/BI API.
• BI Applications: Balanced Score-card, Activity Based Costing.
• Data warehouse elements
  • Operational Environment: Maintains day to day activities. Raw Data
  • Independent data mart: A small data ware house specific to one topic/area/subject
  • Extraction: Extraction of data from operational systems
  • Extraction Store: Data storage after extraction
  • Transformation and cleansing: Before putting data into the central/main warehouse data needs to be cleaned up
  • Extraction log: Create a log in the transformation and cleansing process
  • External source: Data originated outside the organization is also incorporated into the data warehouse.
  • Data administrator: The person who ensures the quality of data
  • Central Repository: Stores all data and meta data
  • Meta data: Data about data. Example: the extraction log.
  • Dependent Data Mart: Relies on the data warehouse for the sources of its data
• Distributed Data Warehouse: Warehouse data is physically distributed across a company’s information infrastructure.
• Data mining types: classification, and estimation.
• Classification: categorize customers, Estimation: predict or estimate some numerical value
• Decision trees: modeling technique helps in deciding. Different alternatives are drawn as paths where nodes represent the selected alternative. edges/paths may carry some probability values as selection/influencing criteria.
• Neural networks: Try to mimic the work nature of human brain to take a decision.
• General modeling: Well-suited for categorizing.
• Balanced Scorecard application: views the health and well-being of the organization by more than its financial data. We need to define: Vision, Strategy, Strategic themes, Strategic Objectives, Key performance indicators.
• Activity based costing application:
• Three types of organizations: Engineer driven: They know how to make a product. Than sales it through sales force. Sales Driven: They know how to sale a particular product, then make the product and sell it. Customer driven: They Know what customers want, then make the products and sale them. Customer driven organizations are the most successful.

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